Forests embody two distinct viewpoints: competitive and cooperative. In the competitive view, trees battle for sunlight, with the tallest ones overshadowing and outcompeting their neighbours for this vital resource. Lower layers adapt to this scarcity, each straining to capture what little light filters through. This perspective mirrors the cutthroat dynamics of market competition and Darwinian evolution, casting the forest as an arena of individualistic struggle.

In contrast, the cooperative approach sees the forest as a symphony of mutual support. Here, tall trees collaborate to form a protective canopy, shielding the undergrowth from harsh elements like rain and wind, while moderating extreme temperatures. This cooperative nature becomes tangible in the cool refuge forests provide on hot days.

However, this duality sets the stage for a third perspective, drawn from indigenous philosophy: relational ontology. This approach doesn't start with isolated entities in competition or collaboration. Instead, it views the forest as an integrated system, where the distinction between individual trees blurs. Interconnected by their roots, often across species, these trees form a network where life persists even beyond death. This interconnectivity challenges the competitive narrative, revealing the forest not as a collection of solitary fighters but as a cohesive, interconnected community.